{"id":2741,"date":"2021-10-13T09:34:19","date_gmt":"2021-10-13T06:04:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meemalef.ir\/?p=2741"},"modified":"2026-02-05T20:03:39","modified_gmt":"2026-02-05T16:33:39","slug":"%d8%a7%d8%ab%d8%b1-%d8%b4%d8%a8%da%a9%d9%87-%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%be%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/meemalef.ir\/?p=2741","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc – \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 (\u06f2)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0644<\/a> \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645. \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u062f\u0644 \u06a9\u0633\u0628\u200c\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc <\/strong>(network effects) \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0644 \u06a9\u0633\u0628\u200c\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0644 \u06a9\u0633\u0628\u200c\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u06c0 \u0642\u0644\u0645\u06cc Aswath Damodaran<\/a> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u06a9 \u0648 Bill Gurley<\/a> \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a Benchmark \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a Benchmark \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631 (Venture capital firm) \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u200c\u0622\u067e\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u06c0 \u0628\u0630\u0631\u06cc (seed) \u0633\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u062a\u0632\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0632\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u06f6\/\u06f7 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f7 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a eBay \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u06f2\u06f2\/\u06f1% \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f (+<\/a>). \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f1 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u06f1\u06f2 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f1% \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 Uber \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u062a\u0632\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f9 \u0628\u0647 \u06f7 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f (+<\/a>).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f3 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u060c \u06f1\/\u06f2 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06f1\u06f7 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u00ab\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u00bb \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc<\/a> \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u063a\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u200c\u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u06a9\u0645 \u0628\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06c0 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u06c0 \u0628\u0631\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u06c0 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0634 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u06cc\u0633\u06a9\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u06f5\/\u06f9 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0646\u067e<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a: \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u067e\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0631\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a<\/strong> \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0645. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u06a9\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0641\u06cc<\/strong> \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0641\u06cc \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u06a9\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u062f \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0641\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u067e\u0627\u0634\u06cc \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0632\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u060c \u067e\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u06cc \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0633\u0628\u200c\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0627 \u06f1\u06f2 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u067e\u0644 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u062f\u0631 \u06af\u0648\u0634\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u06cc\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f (+<\/a>). (\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0646\u067e \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062f).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 (\u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0634\u06af\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c gamer\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u2026) \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0646\u060c \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0645 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 (\u062a\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u063a\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u2026) \u062c\u0630\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0646\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a: \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f (\u062d\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b) \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0628 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0628 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0642\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0648\u0645 (Freemium) \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0627<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647<\/strong> (Supply economies of scale) \u0648 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0627<\/strong> (Demand economies of scale) \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0633\u0628\u200c\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u06c0 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a IT\u060c \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u06c0 \u0627\u067e\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0633\u0628\u200c\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u062e\u0637\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u0639\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0645\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0645. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b \u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06c0 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0635\u062d\u0628\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Positive same-side effect<\/strong> \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u00ab\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u00bb \u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u00bb. \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 Xbox\u060c \u0647\u0631\u0686\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f gamer\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u06a9\u0633\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u06c0 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 (\u0644\u0630\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u0631\u0646\u062f) \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u06cc\u0633\u0628\u0648\u06a9 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628: \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u06cc\u0633\u0628\u0648\u06a9 \u0644\u0630\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0650 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u067e\u0627 \u0646\u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0622\u06cc\u06af\u067e<\/strong> \u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0634<\/strong> \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0686\u0646\u062f\u0635\u062f\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0647\u060c \u062c\u0632 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0648 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0646\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u06a9\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u0644\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0622\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0647\u0631\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u200c\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Negative same-side effect<\/strong> \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 (\u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647) \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 (\u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627) \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0646\u067e\u060c \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0636\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0631\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u062a (\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u06cc) \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u067e\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0627<\/a><\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u00ab\u0645\u062c\u0631\u06cc\u00bb \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. (\u0634\u062f\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062f\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 (\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647) \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 (\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647) \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b Cross-side \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0631\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Positive cross-side effect<\/strong>: \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u06c0 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a (\u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u067e\u0631\u06a9\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u060c VISA \u06cc\u0627 MASTERCARD)\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 (merchants)\u060c \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062a (Card holders) \u062c\u0630\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0639\u06a9\u0633. \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u06c0 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a (Payment scheme) \u0647\u0645 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 Windows \u06cc\u0627 Android \u06cc\u0627 iOS \u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0631\u0686\u0647 Developer\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0631\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u067e\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0622\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0639\u06a9\u0633.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u06c0 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0644 (\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631) \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647\u060c \u06a9\u0645\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u0631\u063a \u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u063a \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u200c\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc (dating)\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0632\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u061b
\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u0641\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0646\u067e \u0648 \u062a\u067e\u0633\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631\u061b
\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0636\u06c0 \u0647\u0631 \u0627\u067e\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645\u061b
\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0622\u062f\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647\u061b
\u062f\u0631 Q&A\u0647\u0627 (\u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e \u0628\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u062b\u0644 Quora<\/a> \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641.\u06cc.\u0644.\u062a.\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a)\u060c \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u061b
\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u067e\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u061b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Negative cross-side effect<\/strong>: \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0639\u06a9\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0635\u0645\u06cc\u0645\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u063a\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f: \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0641\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0646\u067e<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0641\u062a \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0641\u06cc\u060c \u0686\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a same-side \u0648 \u0686\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 cross-side \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062d\u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0641\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064e\u062b\u064e\u0644 \u00ab\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0644 \u0622\u0645\u062f<\/strong>\u00bb \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u06cc\u0627 scale \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u06a9\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0634\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 scale \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0644\u0632\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638 \u0641\u0646\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645 (matching) \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u067e\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc curation \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0628\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d scale \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0634\u062f (growth) \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc<\/a> \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0634\u062f\u061f<\/a> \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062f\u0644 \u06a9\u0633\u0628\u200c\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 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